Knowledge base A–Z

Natural amino acid that is a direct precursor to serotonin. Supports sleep, mood, and satiety.

Alpha and beta hydroxy acids that chemically exfoliate the skin. AHA acts on the surface while BHA penetrates into the pores.

AMP-activated protein kinase — the body's energy sensor. Activated during energy deficiency and regulates glucose uptake, fat burning, and autophagy.

Brazilian superfruit with extremely high antioxidant capacity (ORAC). Rich in anthocyanins, healthy fats, and fibre.

Natural substances that help the body adapt to stress and restore physiological balance. They act by modulating the stress hormone system.

Natural substances that help the body adapt to stress by modulating the HPA axis and cortisol levels.

Brazilian sun mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murill) with extremely high beta-glucan content. One of the most potent medicinal mushrooms for immune support.

Tropical plant with gel-like sap rich in polysaccharides, vitamins, and antioxidants. Used for thousands of years for skin and digestion.

Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is the most effective choline source. It raises acetylcholine for memory, focus, and muscle strength.

Universal antioxidant active in both fat- and water-soluble environments. Supports blood sugar regulation and nerve health.

Indian medicinal plant (Andrographis paniculata) known as "India's echinacea". Clinically proven effect on upper respiratory tract infections.

Antioxidants are substances that protect cells against free radicals and oxidative stress. Key antioxidants include vitamin C, E, selenium, glutathione, and CoQ10.

Taiwanese medicinal mushroom (Antrodia camphorata) that grows exclusively on camphor trees. Extremely rare with unique triterpenoids.

Flavonoid from chamomile with calming, anti-inflammatory, and potential CD38-inhibiting effects (preserves NAD+).

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an adaptogenic herb used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3000 years. It helps the body manage stress, can lower cortisol, and supports sleep, energy, and cognitive function.

Adaptogenic herb that lowers cortisol and supports testosterone production. KSM-66 and Sensoril are clinically validated extracts.

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid derived from the alga Haematococcus pluvialis. It is an antioxidant 6000 times stronger than vitamin C. It gives salmon its pink colour.

Chinese medicinal plant (Astragalus membranaceus) that strengthens the immune system long-term. Adaptogen with antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects.

The cell's recycling system — breaks down and reuses damaged proteins and organelles. Nobel Prize 2016.

BCAA (Branched-Chain Amino Acids) are three branched-chain amino acids — leucine, isoleucine, and valine — that stimulate muscle protein synthesis and reduce muscle breakdown.

The three branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Important signalling molecules but insufficient alone for complete muscle protein synthesis.

Ayurvedic herb (Brahmi) that supports memory, learning, and cognitive function. Acts by modulating serotonin and protecting neuronal synapses.

Natural extract from bamboo with an extremely high content of organic silicon (silica). One of nature's richest sources of silica for hair, skin, and nails.

African superfruit powder with high vitamin C content, prebiotic fibre, and natural electrolytes.

Alkaloid from plants such as Berberis that significantly improves insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation. Sometimes called "nature's Metformin."

Plant-based alkaloid with potent blood sugar-lowering effects. Comparable to metformin in studies.

Berberis (Berberis vulgaris) contains the alkaloid berberine. Traditionally used for digestion, infections, and blood sugar regulation.

Amino acid that increases muscle carnosine levels and delays fatigue during intense exercise. Produces a characteristic tingling sensation.

Provitamin A carotenoid that the body converts to vitamin A as needed. A powerful antioxidant that gives fruits and vegetables their orange colour.

Polysaccharide from yeast, fungi, or oats that activates immune system cells. One of the most well-studied immunomodulators.

Beta-glucans are polysaccharides (soluble fibres) found in oats, mushrooms, and yeast. They activate the immune system and may lower cholesterol.

Concentrated extract of European bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) with a high content of anthocyanins. Supports eye health and cognitive function.

The proportion of a nutrient that is actually absorbed and can be utilised by the body. A crucial factor when choosing supplement forms.

Biotin (vitamin B7) supports hair, skin and nails as well as energy metabolism. A popular beauty supplement that contributes to keratin production.

A chelate form where the mineral is bound to two glycine molecules. Considered the gentlest and most well-absorbed mineral form.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) contains piperine which dramatically increases the absorption of other nutrients. BioPerine® is the most well-known patented form.

Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) is rich in vitamin C, anthocyanins, and GLA (gamma-linolenic acid). Supports immune function and joint health.

Extract from blackcurrants rich in anthocyanins and vitamin C. Supports immune function, eye health, and anti-inflammation.

Nordic superberry with exceptionally high anthocyanin and vitamin C content. Supports eye health and the immune system.

Selectively permeable barrier that protects the brain by controlling which substances pass from the blood into brain tissue.

Ultratrace mineral supporting bone metabolism, vitamin D status, and hormone regulation. Often overlooked supplement.

Frankincense resin (Boswellia serrata) with potent anti-inflammatory effects. Inhibits 5-LOX and is used for joint and intestinal complaints.

Resin from the Boswellia serrata tree with potent anti-inflammatory effects. Inhibits the 5-LOX enzyme without gastrointestinal side effects.

Proteolytic enzyme from pineapple with anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects. Used for joint and muscle complaints.

Short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria. Primary fuel for colonocytes and strengthens the gut barrier.

Cannabidiol — a non-intoxicating cannabinoid from the hemp plant. Interacts with the endocannabinoid system and may promote relaxation and sleep.

CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) is a fatty acid that may support weight management by reducing fat storage and increasing fat burning.

CLA is a naturally occurring fatty acid that may support fat burning and improve body composition. It is naturally found in milk and meat products from ruminants.

Unroasted cocoa mass with intact nutritional profile. Rich in flavanols, magnesium, theobromine and anandamide ("the bliss molecule").

The world's most consumed stimulant. Enhances performance, focus, and fat burning through adenosine receptor blockade.

The body's most common mineral — 99% is found in the skeleton. Essential for bone health, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses.

Amazonian berry with the world's highest vitamin C content — up to 60 times more vitamin C per gram than an orange.

Two of the most common supplement forms with different characteristics. Capsules dissolve faster and can contain various forms, tablets are cheaper and more compact.

Slowly absorbed milk protein that forms a gel in the stomach and provides a steady release of amino acids over 5–7 hours. Ideal as a night-time protein.

Casein is a slow protein from milk that forms a gel in the stomach and releases amino acids over 6–8 hours. Perfect as a night-time protein.

Tropical climbing plant (Uncaria tomentosa) from the Amazon. Immunostimulant with anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties.

Capsaicin from cayenne pepper increases thermogenesis and may suppress appetite. It activates TRPV1 receptors that raise body temperature.

Asian medicinal plant known as "tiger herb" that supports collagen synthesis, wound healing, and the skin barrier. Popular in K-beauty.

Lipids (fats) that make up approximately 50% of the skin's barrier. Crucial for retaining moisture and keeping irritants out.

Medicinal mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) that grows on birch trees. Extremely rich in antioxidants with one of nature's highest ORAC values.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) has calming, anti-inflammatory, and digestive-soothing properties. One of the world's most widely used medicinal plants.

Mineral form where the mineral ion is bound to an amino acid or organic acid. Provides significantly better absorption and less gastrointestinal discomfort.

Process where minerals bind to organic molecules (amino acids) to improve absorption. Chelated minerals are absorbed significantly better.

Green freshwater algae with a unique ability to bind heavy metals. Rich in chlorophyll, protein and Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF).

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance the body needs for cell membranes, hormones, and bile salts. LDL ("bad") and HDL ("good") cholesterol have different roles.

Glycosaminoglycan that constitutes a major part of cartilage structure. Binds water in cartilage and provides shock absorption.

Chondroitin (chondroitin sulfate) is a natural component of cartilage. Together with glucosamine, it is used to support joint health in osteoarthritis.

Trace mineral that potentially improves insulin sensitivity. Used in blood sugar regulation and sugar cravings.

Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) can improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar. Distinguish between Ceylon (true) and Cassia (common) cinnamon.

The body's internal 24-hour clock that regulates sleep, hormones, metabolism, and gene expression. Disrupted rhythm increases disease risk.

Mineral bound to citric acid. Good bioavailability, relatively affordable, and common in quality supplements. Mild laxative effect.

Amino acid that raises arginine and nitric oxide levels more effectively than arginine itself. Improves blood flow and pump.

Citrulline malate combines L-citrulline with malic acid (malate). It is the most commonly used form for exercise performance — enhancing pump, endurance, and reducing fatigue.

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) has powerful antimicrobial properties due to eugenol. Used for oral health and digestion.

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is an antioxidant found in all cells and essential for energy production. Levels decrease with age and statin treatment.

Coenzyme Q10 is central to the energy production of the heart muscle. The heart is the body's most energy-demanding organ and relies on CoQ10 for optimal function.

Collagen is the body's most abundant protein, constituting about 30% of all protein. It provides structure to skin, tendons, cartilage, bones, and blood vessels. The body's collagen production decreases with age.

Protein that supports skin, joints, tendons, and bones. Collagen is the body's most abundant protein and naturally decreases with age.

Main component of cartilage. UC-II (undenatured type II collagen) works via immune tolerance and reduces joint pain.

Most common collagen type — constitutes 90% of the body's collagen. Found in skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments.

Found in skin, blood vessels, and internal organs. Often combined with type I in supplements. Important for vascular health.

First milk produced during the first 24–72 hours after birth. Concentrated immune support with immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and growth factors.

Bovine "first milk" rich in immunoglobulins (IgG), growth factors, and lactoferrin. Supports immune system and gut health.

Trace mineral needed for iron metabolism, connective tissue, and antioxidant enzymes. Balance with zinc is important.

Medicinal mushroom and adaptogen traditionally used for energy, endurance, and lung function. Popular among athletes.

Cultivable Cordyceps species with higher cordycepin content than C. sinensis. Preferred choice for Cordyceps supplements.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) contains proanthocyanidins (PAC) that prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract. Evidence-based for UTI prevention.

Creatine is a naturally occurring substance stored in muscles and used as a quick energy source during intense physical activity. It is the most studied and proven sports supplement for strength and muscle building.

The most studied and effective performance-enhancing supplement. Increases muscle strength, power output, and muscle mass by improving ATP turnover.

Anti-inflammatory polyphenol from turmeric that inhibits COX-2 and NF-κB. Well-documented effect on joint pain.

Simple sugar (monosaccharide) that binds to E. coli bacteria in the urinary tract. Natural alternative for UTIs.

Natural sugar and building block of the ATP molecule. May improve energy production in the heart muscle, especially in heart failure.

Stereoisomer of inositol that complements myo-inositol in PCOS. Important to maintain the correct ratio (40:1) for optimal effect.

Docosahexaenoic acid — an omega-3 fatty acid constituting 40% of the brain's fatty acids. Essential for cognition and vision.

Dehydroepiandrosterone — steroid hormone and precursor to testosterone and oestrogen. Decreases with age and may support fertility.

Damiana (Turnera diffusa) is a Mexican herb traditionally used as an aphrodisiac and to alleviate anxiety and depression.

Enzyme supplements that support the breakdown of protein (protease), fat (lipase), and carbohydrates (amylase).

Mushroom extract produced using both water and alcohol extraction to capture the full spectrum of active compounds — including polysaccharides and triterpenes.

See saw palmetto. Dwarf palmetto (Serenoa repens) blocks DHT and is used for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

EAA (Essential Amino Acids) are all nine essential amino acids that the body cannot produce. More complete than BCAA for muscle protein synthesis.

All 9 essential amino acids that the body cannot synthesise itself. A complete formula that outperforms BCAA for muscle protein synthesis.

Eicosapentaenoic acid — an omega-3 fatty acid with potent anti-inflammatory effects. Supports heart and mental health.

North American medicinal plant that stimulates the non-specific immune response. One of the most commonly used herbs for colds.

Brown seaweed from the Pacific Ocean with unique polyphenol complexes (phlorotannins) that reduce joint inflammation and oxidative stress.

Collagen from eggshell membrane rich in type I, V, and X collagen as well as glucosamine and hyaluronic acid. Fast-acting joint support.

Elastic protein in skin and connective tissue that enables tissues to return to their original shape after stretching. Decreases with age.

English name for black elder (Sambucus nigra). Popular supplement in syrup and gummy form for immune support in children and adults.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is rich in antioxidants and has been shown to reduce cold and flu symptoms. Popular in syrup and lozenges.

Minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium) that regulate fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions.

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) — an adaptogen that increases endurance, stress resistance, and immune function without being overstimulating.

Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) with immunostimulatory flammulin and velvet polysaccharides. Popular edible mushroom with medicinal properties.

Capsule with an acid-resistant coating that passes through the stomach intact and releases its contents in the small intestine. Protects sensitive substances.

The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence. Lifestyle and environment can "turn on/off" genes.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) may increase testosterone and improve insulin sensitivity. See also fenugreek.

Fenugreek — spice and medicinal plant that may support blood sugar regulation, testosterone levels, and milk production.

Senolytic flavonoid from strawberries that eliminates aged (senescent) cells. Among the most promising anti-aging molecules.

Synthetic form of folate (vitamin B9), essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. Particularly important during pregnancy.

Essential B vitamin that prevents neural tube defects and supports early embryonic development. Critical even before conception.

Active compound from Coleus forskohlii that activates the cAMP signalling pathway and may stimulate fat release and fat burning.

Free radicals are unstable molecules with an unpaired electron that damage cells, DNA, and proteins. They are counteracted by antioxidants.

Carotenoid from brown seaweed that can activate thermogenesis via UCP1 protein in adipose tissue. Promising but early research.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid — the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. Slows nerve activity and promotes relaxation and sleep.

Gamma-linolenic acid — an omega-6 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory effects. Found in evening primrose oil and borage oil.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 — an intestinal hormone that regulates satiety and blood sugar. Basis for Ozempic/Wegovy.

Scientific genus name for Reishi mushrooms. Over 80 species identified — G. lucidum and G. lingzhi are the most studied.

Tropical fruit whose rind contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which may inhibit fat formation and suppress appetite. Popular weight management supplement.

Garlic (Allium sativum) contains allicin with antibacterial, antiviral and blood pressure-lowering properties. One of the most studied natural remedies.

Garlic contains allicin — a potent sulphur compound with broad antimicrobial effects. Supports immune function and heart health.

Tropical root plant (Zingiber officinale) with powerful anti-inflammatory and antiemetic effects. Gingerols inhibit COX-2 and LOX.

One of the world's oldest tree species with leaves that improve blood circulation to the brain. Used for memory and cognitive function.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is one of the world's most widely used medicinal plants. An adaptogen that supports energy, cognitive function, and the immune system.

Water-soluble fibre from konjac root that swells significantly in the stomach, creating a feeling of fullness. EU-approved for weight loss.

Natural amino sugar that is a building block of cartilage and synovial fluid. One of the most widely used supplements for joint health globally.

The body's master antioxidant — a tripeptide of cysteine, glycine, and glutamate. Protects cells, supports detoxification and immune defence.

Measure of how quickly a food raises blood sugar. Low GI (<55) provides steadier energy and less insulin release.

The simplest amino acid with calming and sleep-promoting properties. An important component of collagen and glutathione.

The simplest amino acid with a calming effect on the central nervous system. Lowers core body temperature and improves sleep quality.

Chinese happiness berry (Lycium barbarum) rich in zeaxanthin, polysaccharides, and vitamin C. Traditional longevity food.

Ayurvedic herb (Centella asiatica) that supports brain function, collagen synthesis, and blood circulation. Known as the "brain herb" in Asia.

Concentrated extract from green tea rich in the catechin EGCG that may increase fat burning and thermogenesis. One of the most studied weight management supplements.

Green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) from New Zealand contains unique omega-3 fatty acids and glycosaminoglycans. An effective joint supplement.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) contains caffeine with slow release plus theobromine and theophylline. Provides sustained energy without caffeine crash.

Gut flora (the microbiome) consists of trillions of microorganisms in the gut that influence digestion, immune function, brain function, and body weight.

Ayurvedic herb known as the "sugar destroyer" for its ability to block sweet taste receptors and support blood sugar balance.

Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate — a metabolite of leucine that reduces muscle protein breakdown. Most effective in beginners.

Heart Rate Variability — variation between heartbeats. High HRV = good stress recovery. Biomarker for health and recovery.

Traditional heart herb (Crataegus) with vasodilatory and cardiotonic properties. Supports heart function and blood circulation.

Chinese herb (Fo-Ti, Polygonum multiflorum) traditionally used for hair, ageing, and liver. Requires proper preparation.

Nutrient-rich plant protein from hemp seeds with natural omega-3/6 fatty acids, fibre, and minerals. Easily digestible and sustainable.

The genus name of Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus). Unique nerve growth stimulation via erinacines — the only mushroom that supports NGF production.

Homocysteine is an amino acid in the blood that at high levels increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and dementia. B vitamins lower homocysteine.

Herb (Humulus lupulus) known from brewing beer, but also a traditional sleep aid. Enhances the effect of valerian.

Biological principle where low doses of a stressor strengthen the organism. Behind the benefits of exercise, fasting, cold exposure, and certain phytochemicals.

Naturally occurring polysaccharide that binds up to 1000 times its own weight in water. Central for skin hydration, elasticity, and joint lubrication.

Natural component in synovial fluid providing lubrication and shock absorption. Oral hyaluronic acid may support joint comfort.

Low-grade systemic inflammation lasting months to years. Known as "silent inflammation" and linked to heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and depression.

Inflammation markers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-alpha measure the degree of chronic inflammation in the body — linked to heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Scientific name for Chaga mushroom. Research focuses on the anticancer potential of betulin, melanin, and polysaccharides.

Eating pattern with cyclical periods of fasting and eating. Activates AMPK, autophagy, and may improve metabolic health.

Inulin is a prebiotic fibre from chicory root that stimulates the growth of bifidobacteria in the gut. It improves calcium absorption and satiety.

Trace mineral essential for the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Regulates metabolism, brain development, and growth.

Trace mineral essential for oxygen transport (haemoglobin) and energy metabolism. Deficiency is the world's most common nutritional deficiency.

Chinese herb ("immortality herb") rich in gypenosides. Adaptogen with antioxidant and cardiovascular effects.

Technically a liquid wax from the jojoba plant resembling the skin's own sebum. Emollient, non-comedogenic, and rich in vitamin E.

Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) has potent anxiolytic effects comparable to benzodiazepines without addictive properties.

Structural protein that constitutes the main component of hair, nails, and the outermost skin layer. Strengthens and protects against mechanical damage.

Ketogenic diet (keto) is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet that forces the body to use fat instead of glucose as its primary energy source.

Krill oil is omega-3 in phospholipid form derived from Antarctic krill. It has better bioavailability than regular fish oil and also contains astaxanthin.

Marine omega-3 source with EPA and DHA in phospholipid form. Better absorption and includes astaxanthin.

L-arginine is an amino acid and a precursor to nitric oxide (NO), which dilates blood vessels. Used for blood circulation, erectile function, and exercise performance.

L-carnitine transports fatty acids into mitochondria for energy metabolism. Popular for fat burning, heart health, and mental clarity.

Amino acid derivative that transports fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. Popular for fat burning.

L-citrulline is an amino acid that is converted to L-arginine in the kidneys and increases nitric oxide production. More effective than arginine itself for vasodilation.

The body's most abundant amino acid. Fuel for intestinal cells and the immune system. Important during stress and intense exercise.

L-lysine is an essential amino acid important for collagen synthesis, immune function, and calcium absorption. Known for counteracting herpes simplex outbreaks.

Amino acid from tea that increases alpha brain waves and provides calm focus without drowsiness. Synergistic with caffeine.

Essential amino acid and precursor to serotonin and melatonin. May support sleep and mood.

Non-essential amino acid and precursor to dopamine, noradrenaline, and thyroid hormones. Popular for focus.

Iron-binding glycoprotein in breast milk and cow's milk with broad antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects.

Aromatic herb with clinically documented anxiolytic effect. Silexan (lavender oil) has an effect comparable to lorazepam.

Essential oil from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) with clinically proven anxiolytic and sleep-enhancing effects.

Calming herb (Melissa officinalis) that reduces anxiety, improves sleep, and supports digestion. Mild and safe.

The most important amino acid for muscle protein synthesis. Activates the mTOR pathway and functions as an "anabolic switch" for muscle building.

Medicinal mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) that stimulates NGF production. May support nerve growth and cognition.

Supplement form where active ingredients are enclosed in phospholipid bubbles (liposomes) that dramatically increase absorption and bioavailability.

Peruvian superfruit with a naturally sweet flavour, low GI, and rich content of beta-carotene, iron, and zinc.

Carotenoid that protects eyes against blue light and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Found in spinach and kale.

Medium Chain Triglycerides — fatty acids rapidly converted into energy (ketones). Popular in keto and cognitive performance.

Methylsulfonylmethane — an organic sulphur compound that supports cartilage, reduces joint inflammation, and alleviates stiffness.

Methylsulfonylmethane — an organic sulphur compound that is a building block of keratin, collagen, and elastin. Sometimes called the "beauty mineral."

Peruvian root vegetable (Lepidium meyenii) cultivated in the Andes. Known to support energy, libido, and hormonal balance.

Peruvian root vegetable (Lepidium meyenii) traditionally used to enhance libido, energy, and fertility in both men and women.

Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body. It supports muscle function, the nervous system, sleep, and energy production. Deficiency is common and can cause muscle cramps.

Magnesium regulates heart rhythm, vascular tone, and blood pressure. Deficiency is linked to arrhythmia, hypertension, and increased cardiovascular risk.

Magnesium activates the parasympathetic nervous system and regulates GABA receptors. Essential mineral for deep, restorative sleep.

Extract from Magnolia officinalis bark rich in honokiol and magnolol. Potent GABA agonist with anxiolytic and sleep-promoting effects.

Medicinal mushroom (Grifola frondosa) known as the "dancing mushroom." D-fraction extract has potent immunomodulatory properties.

Trace mineral that is a cofactor in the antioxidant enzyme SOD and is needed for bone formation and carbohydrate metabolism.

Tropical fruit ("queen of fruits") with a high content of xanthones — unique antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties.

Medicinal honey from New Zealand with a unique antibacterial substance (MGO/methylglyoxal). Used for wounds, sore throat, and immune support.

Chilean superfruit with extremely high anthocyanin content. Supports blood sugar regulation and eye health.

Japanese green tea in powder form with exceptionally high content of L-theanine, catechin EGCG, and chlorophyll.

Hormone produced by the pineal gland in darkness. Regulates the circadian rhythm and signals the body that it is time to sleep.

Japanese medicinal mushroom (Phellinus linteus) from Meshima Island. Studied for immuno-oncological properties and breast cancer prevention.

Supplement form where vitamins are already in their active, methylated form. Crucial for individuals with MTHFR mutation and other methylation deficiencies.

The collective community of microorganisms in the gut — 38 trillion bacteria influencing immunity, mood, metabolism, and disease risk.

Technology where active substances are enclosed in a protective microshell. Improves stability, masks taste, and enables controlled release.

Milk thistle (silymarin) is the most commonly used herbal liver protectant. Silymarin protects liver cells, stimulates regeneration, and has antioxidant effects.

The cell's powerhouses producing 90% of the body's energy (ATP). Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central mechanism behind ageing.

Ultratrace mineral essential for enzymes that break down sulfur-containing amino acids and purines.

Tropical "miracle tree" (Moringa oleifera) with an exceptionally rich nutritional profile. Contains all essential amino acids.

Amazonian herb ("potency wood") traditionally used for libido, nerve function, and cognitive ability.

Berries from the mulberry tree (Morus) with blood sugar stabilising properties due to DNJ (1-deoxynojirimycin).

Sugar alcohol that improves insulin sensitivity and ovulation. First choice for PCOS and female fertility.

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin — growth signalling pathway regulating protein synthesis and cell division. Balance with AMPK is key.

N-Acetylcysteine — precursor to glutathione, the body’s most important antioxidant. Mucolytic, liver-protective and immune-enhancing.

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme present in every living cell. Crucial for energy production and DNA repair. Levels decline with age.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide — the coenzyme required in all body cells for energy production, DNA repair, and sirtuins.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide — direct precursor to NAD+ which declines with age. Central in longevity research.

Fibrinolytic enzyme from Japanese fermented soy (nattō) that may dissolve blood clots and improve blood circulation.

Niacin (vitamin B3) participates in energy metabolism and supports the nervous system and skin. At high doses, it can lower cholesterol. Available as niacin (with flush) and niacinamide (without flush).

Active form of vitamin B3 that strengthens the skin barrier, reduces pores, evens skin tone, and regulates sebum production.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling molecule that dilates blood vessels. Increased NO production improves blood flow, muscle pump during exercise, and cardiovascular health.

Tropical fruit (Morinda citrifolia) with a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds. Traditional all-round tonic in Polynesia.

Substances that enhance cognitive functions such as memory, focus, creativity, and motivation. Sometimes called "smart drugs" or brain optimisers.

Collective term for substances that enhance cognitive function: memory, focus, creativity, and motivation.

Extract rich in oleuropein that lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol profile, and has powerful antioxidant properties.

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fats that the body cannot produce itself. The main forms are EPA and DHA (from fish) and ALA (from plants). Omega-3 supports the heart, brain, and joints.

EPA and DHA from fish liver oil lower triglycerides, reduce inflammation in blood vessels, and support normal heart rhythm. The best-documented heart supplement.

Blood test measuring EPA+DHA in red blood cells. Optimal: >8%. Under 4% = high cardiovascular risk.

Omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid) are essential but often consumed in excess. The balance with omega-3 is more important than the total amount.

Oregano oil contains carvacrol and thymol with potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. A natural antimicrobial agent.

Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Contributes to cellular damage, ageing, and chronic diseases.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone — a cofactor that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis (formation of new mitochondria). Anti-aging and energy.

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A, central to energy metabolism. It supports adrenal function, hormone production, and wound healing.

Traditional herb (Passiflora incarnata) for anxiety and sleep difficulties. Acts via the GABA system without dependency issues.

Medicinal plant (Passiflora incarnata) that increases GABA levels in the brain. Mild sedative effect without next-day drowsiness.

Bark from the South American Taheebo tree with antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties.

Plant-based protein from yellow peas with high bioavailability. Allergy-friendly, rich in BCAAs, and a popular vegan alternative to whey.

South African medicinal plant (Pelargonium sidoides) with strong clinical evidence for acute bronchitis, sinusitis, and sore throat.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) alleviates IBS symptoms, headaches, and improves digestion. Menthol is the active compound.

Short chains of amino acids that signal the skin to produce collagen, elastin, and other structural proteins. Powerful anti-aging.

Korean medicinal mushroom ("Sang Hwang") with potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

Phospholipid constituting ~15% of brain phospholipids. Supports memory, cognition, and cortisol regulation.

Phosphorus is the second most common mineral in the body and works together with calcium for bone health. It is found in DNA, RNA, ATP, and cell membranes.

Chelate form where the mineral is bound to picolinic acid — a natural metabolite of tryptophan. Particularly popular for chromium and zinc.

Piperine is the active compound in black pepper. It dramatically increases the bioavailability of other nutrients — up to 2000% for curcumin.

Medicinal mushroom (Polyporus umbellatus) with a strong diuretic effect without potassium loss. Supports kidneys and lymphatic system.

Antioxidant-rich superfruit with unique punicalagins. Supports heart health, blood pressure, and prostate.

Underground medicinal fungus (Poria cocos/Wolfiporia extensa) central in Chinese medicine. Supports digestion, sleep, and water balance.

Essential electrolyte that regulates heart rhythm, blood pressure, and fluid balance. Most Swedes get too little potassium through their diet.

Supplements in loose powder form. Provide maximum dosing flexibility and rapid absorption. Popular for protein, creatine, and green powders.

Pre-workout is a training supplement taken before exercise to increase energy, focus, and pump. Typically contains caffeine, beta-alanine, citrulline, and creatine.

Non-digestible fibres that nourish beneficial gut bacteria. Stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

Probiotics are live microorganisms (bacteria and yeast) that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. They support the gut flora, digestion, and immune system.

A resin-like substance collected by bees and used to sterilise the hive. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial with hundreds of active compounds.

Soluble fibre from Plantago ovata. Forms a gel in the intestine, lowers cholesterol and regulates blood sugar response.

Flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and antiviral properties. Found in onion, apple and berries.

Fermented rice product naturally containing monacolin K, chemically identical to lovastatin. Can lower LDL cholesterol.

Adaptogenic mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) known as the "mushroom of immortality" in Chinese medicine. Supports immune function, sleep, and stress management.

Polyphenol from red wine and Japanese knotweed with anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties. Activates SIRT1.

Active form of vitamin A that stimulates cell renewal, collagen synthesis, and reduces hyperpigmentation. The gold standard in anti-aging skincare.

Adaptogen growing in arctic climates. Helps the body manage physical and mental stress and reduces fatigue.

Hypoallergenic plant protein derived from brown rice. Often combined with pea protein for a complete amino acid profile.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) contains carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid with antioxidant and memory-enhancing effects.

Saffron (Crocus sativus) has demonstrated antidepressant effects comparable to SSRI medications in clinical studies. The active compounds are crocin and safranal.

White willow bark — nature's original aspirin. Contains salicin that is converted to salicylic acid providing pain relief.

Salvia (Salvia officinalis) improves memory, reduces menopausal symptoms, and has antioxidant properties. Rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid.

Elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra) rich in anthocyanins with antiviral effects. Traditional and scientific support for colds and influenza.

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) is a herbal extract used for prostate health. It may reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Adaptogenic berry (Schisandra chinensis) that supports liver, cognitive function, and stress resilience. Known as the "five-flavour berry."

Nordic super-shrub with berries rich in omega-7, vitamin C, and carotenoids. Unique fatty acid profile supports mucous membranes and skin.

Oil from sea buckthorn berries rich in omega-7 (palmitoleic acid), beta-carotene, and vitamin E. Supports mucous membranes and skin regeneration.

Trace mineral with powerful antioxidant function via selenoproteins. Important for the thyroid, immune system, and sperm quality.

Substances that selectively eliminate senescent (aged) cells. Fisetin, quercetin, and dasatinib are the most studied.

Ayurvedic herb (Asparagus racemosus) known as the "women's herb." Supports hormonal balance, fertility, and milk production.

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) contains lentinan and beta-glucans that support the immune system and may lower cholesterol.

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) contains lentinan — a beta-glucan approved as a cancer treatment in Japan. Supports immune system and cholesterol.

Mineral-rich resinous substance from the Himalayas with over 80 minerals and fulvic acid. Increases testosterone and mitochondrial function.

Trace mineral (silicon) that is a building block of collagen, elastin, hair, and nails. Contributes to connective tissue integrity and bone strength.

Family of 7 proteins (SIRT1-7) regulating DNA repair, inflammation, and ageing. Activated by NAD+ and caloric restriction.

Polyamine that stimulates autophagy (cellular cleansing). Found in wheat germ and aged cheese. Popular in longevity research.

Blue-green algae extremely rich in protein (60-70%), B12, iron and the antioxidant phycocyanin. One of the world's most nutrient-dense foods.

St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is one of the most studied herbal medicines for depression. It works by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine.

Herbal extract guaranteed to contain a specific amount of active substance. Ensures consistent dosage and effect between batches.

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) is rich in minerals and used for allergies (natural antihistamine), prostate issues, and as a nutritious tonic.

Supplement form taken under the tongue for direct absorption into the bloodstream via the oral mucosa. Bypasses digestion and first-pass metabolism.

Isothiocyanate from broccoli sprouts that activates Nrf2 — the body's main regulator of antioxidant genes.

Supplement form with controlled, gradual release over several hours. Provides more stable blood levels and reduces dosing frequency.

Tart cherry extract with high levels of anthocyanins. Improves sleep (natural melatonin) and reduces exercise-induced muscle soreness.

Aminosulfonic acid with antioxidant properties. Supports heart function, electrolyte balance, and bile salt formation.

Amino acid with powerful cardioprotective effects. Supports heart rhythm, blood pressure, and protects cardiac muscle cells from damage.

Protective end caps on chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. Telomere length is a biomarker of biological ageing.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and other thistles are traditionally used for liver protection and regeneration. See also milk thistle.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) contains thymol with antibacterial properties. Traditionally used for cough, bronchitis, and colds.

Liquid herbal extract produced by maceration in alcohol or glycerin. Provides rapid absorption and precise dosing via dropper bottle.

Malaysian herbal medicine (Eurycoma longifolia) that may increase free testosterone by lowering SHBG. Adaptogen.

Beauty mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) rich in polysaccharides that bind moisture better than hyaluronic acid. Supports skin elasticity.

Herbal supplement (Tribulus terrestris) traditionally used for libido, testosterone support, and urinary tract health.

Tribulus terrestris is an herb traditionally used for libido and sexual health. Despite its popularity, evidence for testosterone enhancement is weak.

Essential amino acid converted into serotonin and melatonin. Milder and broader effect than 5-HTP.

Ecdysteroid (insect hormone) from Ajuga turkestanica. Trending supplement for muscle building without hormonal side effects.

Medicinal mushroom (Trametes versicolor) with the strongest immunological evidence among all mushrooms. PSK and PSP stimulate the immune system.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) contains curcumin, a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound. Used for joint inflammation, digestion, and cellular protection.

Curcumin is the active compound in turmeric (Curcuma longa). A potent anti-inflammatory with low bioavailability without piperine.

Undenatured collagen type II that calms the immune system's attack on joint cartilage via oral tolerance. Unique mode of action.

Metabolite produced by gut bacteria from pomegranate. Stimulates mitophagy (clearance of damaged mitochondria).

European herb (Valeriana officinalis) with a long tradition as a sleep aid. Acts via the GABA system and improves sleep quality.

Valeriana (valerian root) is an herb used for sleep and relaxation. It works by increasing GABA levels in the brain.

Fat-soluble vitamin important for vision, immune function, and cell division. Exists in two forms: retinol (animal) and beta-carotene (plant-based).

Thiamine — a water-soluble vitamin essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function. Deficiency can cause beriberi.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble B vitamin essential for nerve function, red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis. Deficiency is common among vegans and the elderly.

Riboflavin — a water-soluble vitamin essential for energy production and a cofactor for many enzymes. Causes yellow colouration of urine.

Niacin — water-soluble vitamin important for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cholesterol regulation. Exists as nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.

Pantothenic acid — involved in CoA synthesis, essential for fatty acid metabolism and hormone production.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) participates in 150+ enzymatic reactions. Important for amino acid metabolism, serotonin production, immune function, and haemoglobin formation.

Biotin — a water-soluble vitamin known for its role in hair, skin, and nail health. Also supports fatty acid and glucose metabolism.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin and a powerful antioxidant. It supports the immune system, collagen production, iron absorption, and protects cells against oxidative stress.

Water-soluble antioxidant and cofactor that supports all levels of the immune system. Especially important during infection and stress.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin upon sun exposure. It is crucial for calcium absorption, skeletal health, and the immune system. Deficiency is common in Scandinavia during the winter months.

Steroid-like vitamin that affects testosterone production via vitamin D receptors in the testes. Most people in the Nordic countries have a deficiency.

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the most effective form of vitamin D. It is naturally produced in the skin upon sun exposure and is found in animal-based foods. It provides a better and longer-lasting increase in blood levels than D2.

Powerful fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative stress. Important for immune function and skin health.

Fat-soluble vitamin that regulates calcium metabolism — directs calcium to bones and teeth instead of blood vessels. Synergistic with D3.

Young wheat shoots rich in chlorophyll, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. Gluten-free despite originating from wheat.

Juice from young barley plants, even more nutrient-dense than wheatgrass. Rich in SOD enzyme, vitamins, and minerals.

Whey protein (vassleprotein) is the most popular protein powder. Rapidly absorbable, complete amino acid profile, and rich in BCAAs. Used for muscle building and recovery.

The most popular protein supplement. Fast-absorbing milk protein with a complete amino acid profile and high leucine content for muscle synthesis.

Phaseolamin-containing extract that blocks alpha-amylase and reduces carbohydrate absorption. Sometimes called a "starch blocker."

Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contains caffeine, theobromine, and polyphenols with energy and weight management properties.

ZMA is a combination of zinc, magnesium and vitamin B6 that supports testosterone production, sleep and muscle recovery.

Zinc is a trace element involved in over 300 enzymes and is necessary for immune function, wound healing, cell division, and normal testosterone production. Deficiency is common globally.

Essential trace mineral required for testosterone synthesis, sperm production, and prostate health. Deficiency significantly lowers testosterone.

Protein that regulates tight junctions in the intestine. Elevated levels indicate increased intestinal permeability ("leaky gut").