NAD+

What is NAD+?

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every living cell. It plays a crucial role in the body's energy production and DNA repair. NAD+ is a form of nicotinamide, a type of vitamin B3, and is necessary for cells to perform their functions efficiently. Levels of NAD+ decrease with age, which can affect our health and well-being.

How does it work in the body?

NAD+ functions as an electron carrier in cellular energy production. It is involved in cellular respiration, where glucose and fatty acids are converted into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Beyond energy production, NAD+ also plays a central role in:

DNA repair: NAD+ is necessary to activate enzymes that repair DNA damage.
Metabolic regulation: It helps regulate how the body uses fuel and stores energy.
Cellular ageing: Low levels of NAD+ have been linked to age-related diseases and decline in cell function.

Scientific benefits

Research has shown that NAD+ may have several health benefits. Here are some key findings:

Improved energy production: Studies have shown that NAD+ supplementation can increase energy levels and enhance physical performance.
DNA repair: Research published in the journal Nature has demonstrated that higher NAD+ levels can improve the body's ability to repair DNA damage, potentially counteracting ageing.
Neuroprotection: A study in Cell Reports showed that NAD+ can protect neurons and support brain health, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
Metabolic health: Research has linked low NAD+ levels to metabolic disorders, and supplementation may improve insulin sensitivity and support weight loss.

Dosage and recommendations

There is currently no official recommended daily dose for NAD+. However, research suggests that supplements may be effective in doses between 250 mg and 500 mg per day. It is important to consult a physician before starting NAD+ supplementation, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications.

Best sources and forms

NAD+ can be taken as a dietary supplement in various forms, including:

Nicotinamide riboside (NR): A form of vitamin B3 that has been shown to effectively increase NAD+ levels.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN): Another form of B3 that can also raise NAD+ levels.
Natural sources: Foods containing vitamin B3, such as meat, fish, whole grains, and nuts, can help increase NAD+ levels naturally.

Side effects and warnings

Overall, NAD+ supplements are considered safe for most people. Common side effects may include:

Nausea
Headache
Flushing (skin redness)

It is important to follow dosing instructions and consult a doctor if you experience unwanted side effects. Individuals with liver problems or who are pregnant should exercise extra caution.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?

NAD+ is the oxidised form of the coenzyme, whereas NADH is the reduced form. NAD+ accepts electrons during cellular respiration, while NADH carries these electrons to the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

Can I increase NAD+ levels naturally?

Yes, by consuming foods rich in vitamin B3, such as meat, fish, nuts, and whole grain products, you can support the body's production of NAD+.

Are NAD+ supplements safe?

Generally, NAD+ supplements are safe for most people, but as with all supplements, you should consult a doctor before starting a new supplement.

What symptoms might indicate low NAD+ levels?

Symptoms of low NAD+ levels may include fatigue, low energy, memory problems, and an increased risk of age-related diseases.

Can NAD+ affect my sleep?

Some research suggests that NAD+ may influence sleep quality by regulating various biological processes, but more research is needed to confirm this connection.